Chemistry Standards and Relevant Websites

1. Properties of Matter

Broad Concept: Physical and chemical properties can be used to classify and describe matter.

http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html Site provides basic information.

1.1 Identify and explain some of the physical properties that are used to classify matter, e.g., density, melting point, and boiling point.

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/matter-and-energy/properties.html This site is both informational and interactive. An interactive periodic table allows students to click on various properties.

http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Matter.htm

1.2 Explain the difference between mixtures and pure substances.

http://chem.ufl.edu/~chm2040/Notes/Chapter_1/substances.html Informational site contains a concept map and movies.

http://www.mcps.org/bhs/classes/dana/Matter.html This site provides interactive practice for the student.

http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/tg/chemo/activity/sep.htm Site provides an experiment illustrating separation techniques. It provides teacher materials and student materials.

1.3 Describe the four states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) in terms

of energy, particle motion, and phase transitions.

http://www.zeeks.com/1211.html Site provides a simple explanation of states of matter.

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_intro.html Great explanations and graphics.

1.4 Distinguish between chemical and physical changes.

http://www.mcps.org/bhs/classes/dana/chemphys.html The site distinguishes between physical and chemical changes. It also provides interactive practice for the student.

http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/lmaki/Chem150-99/chapters/chapter1/lessons/phys_chem/phy_c_1.htm Site provides interactive practice for the student.

2. Atomic Structure

Broad Concept: An atom is a discrete unit. The atomic model can help us to understand the interaction of elements and compounds observed on a macroscopic scale.

http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html Site provides basic information.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/at_struc.html Site contains a chronology of the atom, a discussion of Quantum Mechanics and Electron configuration examples.

http://www.physchem.co.za/Atomic/Atomic%20Index.htm Contains information on Atomic structure divided in to the following topics: Atomic nucleus, discussion of radioactivity, the Hydrogen spectrum, Electron configuration and the periodic table, Periodicity of atomic properties. Student self test.

2.1 Trace the development of atomic theory and the structure of the atom from the ancient Greeks to the present (Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, Bohr, and modern theory).

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/composition/dalton.html This site contains information about John Dalton and his Atomic theory.

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/rutherford-model.html This site contains information about Thompson and Rutherford’s view of the atom.

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/Bohr-model.html This site contains information concerning Bohr’s atom.

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/modern-atomic-theory.html This site covers the work of de Brogllie, Heisenburg, and Schrödinger . It has good diagrams.

2.2 Interpret Dalton’s atomic theory in terms of the Laws of Conservation of Mass,

Constant Composition, and Multiple Proportions.

http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Atoms_Isotopes.htm Informational site linking Dalton’s atomic theory to the three laws.

2.3 Identify the major components of the nuclear atom (protons, neutrons, and electrons) and explain how they interact.

http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Atoms_Isotopes.htm Informational site showing basic atomic structure

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/composition/compatom.html Information and good diagrams.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site offers information and worksheets for the student.

2.4 Understand that matter has properties of both particles and waves.

http://chem.ufl.edu/~chm2040/Notes/Chapter_9/wave.html#electron This site explains the wave –particle duality of matter. Site also explains the math involved. Site also contains movies to illustrate concepts.

2.5 Using Bohr’s model of the atom interpret changes (emission/absorption) in electron energies in the hydrogen atom corresponding to emission transitions between quantum levels.

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/discovery-quantum.html This site explains Max Planck’s quanta also has an explanation of the Photoelectric effect.

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/emission-spectrum.html This site links electron energies to corresponding emission transitions.

2.6 Describe the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of wavelength and energy; identify regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/light.html This site describes the basic properties of electromagnetic spectrum and the regions of the spectrum. Nice chart.

2.7 Write the electron configurations for elements in the first three rows of the periodic table.

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/aufbau-principle.html This site explains how electrons are placed and has animation showing the placement.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/quantum.htm#The%20Quantum%20Numbers This site has a good explanation of quantum numbers and also provides problems for students to try. It also contains the electron configurations for the first twenty elements.

2.8 Describe alpha, beta, and gamma particles; discuss the properties of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation; and write balanced nuclear reactions.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site describes alpha, beta, and gamma particles.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/nuclearchem.htm#Nuclear%20Chemistry%20Notes This site contains a chart that describes and discusses the properties of alpha, beta, and gamma particles. There is also a section that shows how to balance nuclear reactions and provides a number of examples for students to try.

2.9 Compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion and mass defect.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/nuclearchem.htm#Nuclear%20Chemistry%20Notes This site explains mass defect and has an explanation of how to calculate mass defect.

2.10 Describe the process of radioactive decay as the spontaneous breakdown of certain unstable elements (radioactive) into new elements (radioactive or not) through the spontaneous emission by the nucleus of alpha or beta particles.

Explain the difference between stable and unstable isotopes.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/nuclearchem.htm#Nuclear%20Chemistry%20Notes This site explains radioactive decay and the difference between stable and unstable isotopes.

2.11 Explain the concept of half-life of a radioactive element, e.g., explain why the half-life of

C14 has made carbon dating a powerful tool in determining the age of very old objects.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/nuclearchem.htm#Nuclear%20Chemistry%20Notes This site explains half- life and the role of C14 in dating antiquities.

3. Periodicity

Broad Concept: Periodicity of physical and chemical properties relates to atomic structure and led to the development of the periodic table. The periodic table displays the elements in order of increasing atomic number.

http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html Site contains basic information.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/periodic.html Site provides information on periodic law and discusses trends on the periodic table.

3.1 Explain the relationship of an element’s position on the periodic table to its atomic number and mass.

http://www.webelements.com/

This site provides an abundance of information besides atomic number and mass number. Also has cartoons concerning each element. Interactive site.

http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm This site provides information about the history of the periodic table, facts about elements and is interactive.

3.2 Use the periodic table to identify metals, nonmetals, metalloids, families (groups), periods, valence electrons, and reactivity with other elements in the table.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site identifies metals, nonmetals, metalloids, families and groups.

3.3 Relate the position of an element on the periodic table to its electron configuration.

3.4 Identify trends on the periodic table (ionization energy, electronegativity, electron affinity, and relative size of atoms and ions).

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site explains the significance of electronegativity and relative size of the atom and its ion.

4. Chemical Bonding

Broad Concept: Atoms form bonds by the interactions of their valence electrons.

http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html Site contains basic information.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/molecule.html This site contains information on an advanced level. Also provides a link to further information concerning Lewis Structures.

http://www.physchem.co.za/Bonding/Bonding%20Index.htm Site topics are as follows: Types of bonds, Representation of Molecular structure, and the shape of molecules. Site has examples for students to try.

4.1 Explain how atoms combine to form compounds through both ionic and covalent bonding.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site explains how ionic and covalent bonding occurs.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/valence.htm#Valence%20Bond%20Model%20of%20Covalent%20Bonding This site explains the Valence Bond model of Covalent bonding. Definitely for an advanced class.

4.2 Draw Lewis dot structures for simple molecules.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site provides the student with the rules used to draw Lewis dot structures. Many examples are provided for the student to gain experience drawing Lewis structures.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/lds1.htm#Lewis%20Dot%20Structures%20Worksheet%201%20of%205 This site explains Lewis dot rules and has numerous examples for students to try.

4.3 Relate electronegativity and ionization energy to the type of bonding an element is likely to undergo.

http://chemistry.tjc.edu/1411ch9/sld018.htmv This site links electronegativity to the type of bond also provides problems for students to try.

4.4 Predict the geometry of simple molecules and their polarity (valence shell electron pair repulsion).

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site provides the student with rules and plenty of examples to test their knowledge of molecular geometry.

4.5 Identify the types of intermolecular forces present based on molecular geometry and polarity.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/bonding.htm#Bonding This site identifies the types of intermolecular forces and explains them.

4.6 Predict chemical formulas based on the number of valence electrons.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/

This site provides the student with plenty of examples showing how to predict formulas based on valence electrons.

4.7 Name and write the chemical formulas for simple ionic and molecular compounds, including those that contain common polyatomic ions.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ Provides a review of rules needed to write chemical formulas and names using many examples. The student has many opportunities for practice.

5. Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry

Broad Concept: The conservation of atoms in chemical reactions leads to the ability to calculate the mass of products and reactants.

http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html Site contains simple explanation of Stoichiometry

5.1 Balance chemical equations by applying the law of conservation of mass.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site provides great hints to help students successfully balance equations. Also provides many opportunities for students to try their hand at balancing equations.

http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Chemical_Equations.htm This site covers basics of balancing equations.

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/matter-and-energy/masscons.html This site uses the law of conservation of mass to explain the balancing of equations.

5.2 Recognize synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and neutralization reactions.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site provides explanations and examples for students to identify.

5.3 Understand the mole concept in terms of number of particles, mass, and gaseous volume.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site provides a good explanation of conversion problems- mole to grams and particles to grams. Also plenty of examples for students to try.

http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/The_Mole.htm This site shows mole to gram calculations and mole to particles calculations.

5.4 Determine molar mass, percent compositions, empirical formulas, and molecular formulas.

http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Determining_Chemical_Formulas.htm This site covers calculation of percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulas.

http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Introduction_to_Chemical_Formulas.htm This site is informational and has a tool box. It covers empirical and molecular formulas

http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Atomic_Weights.htm This site covers the calculation of molar mass of ionic compounds and hydrates.

5.5 Calculate mass-mass, mass-volume, volume-volume, and limiting reactant problems for chemical reactions.

http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Stoichiometry.htm This site explains the steps needed to solve mass-mass problems and provides example problems.

5.6 Calculate percent yield in a chemical reaction.

http://chem.ufl.edu/~chm2040/Notes/Chapter_4/yield.html#eastman1 This site explains percent yield and provides an example for the student to solve, showing how percent yield is used in industry.

6. Gases and Kinetic Molecular Theory

Broad Concept: The behavior of gases can be explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/gas_laws.html This site contains background information on all of the following standards. It provides links to other sites that provide student worksheets.

http://www.physchem.co.za/Kinetic/Kinetic%20Index.htm This site contains information on all of the following standards. Problems and solutions provided.

6.1 Using the kinetic molecular theory, explain the relationship between pressure and volume (Boyle’s law), volume and temperature (Charles’ law), and the number of particles in a gas sample (Avogadro’s hypothesis).

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site explains Boyle’s, Charles’ and Avogadro’s Laws.

6.2 Explain the relationship between temperature and average kinetic energy.

6.3 Perform calculations using the ideal gas law.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site provides many examples for students to try.

6.4 Describe the conditions under which a real gas deviates from ideal behavior.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/realgas.html Site explains how a real gas deviates from ideal behavior.

6.5 Interpret Dalton’s empirical Law of Partial Pressures and use it to calculate partial pressures and total pressures.

6.6 Use the combined gas law to determine changes in pressure, volume, or temperature.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site provides many examples for students to try.

7. Solutions

Broad Concept: Solids, liquids, and gases dissolve to form solutions.

http://www.physchem.co.za/Kinetic/Solutions.htm This site contains basic information about solutions and student problems.

7.1 Describe the process by which solutes dissolve in solvents.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site explains how solutes dissolve in solvents.

7.2 Identify and explain the factors that affect the rate of dissolving (i.e., temperature, concentration, and mixing).

http://chem.ufl.edu/~chm2040/Notes/Chapter_4/yield.html#eastman1 Site shows the connection between percent yield and the factors that affect the rate of dissolving.

7.3 Describe the dynamic equilibrium that occurs in saturated solutions.

7.4 Calculate concentration in terms of molarity, molality, and percent by mass.

http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Solution_Stoichiometry.htm This site explains molarity calculations and provides examples.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site explains molarity calculations and provides examples for students to try.

7.5 Use a solubility curve to determine saturation values at different temperatures.

http://www.thesciencedesk.com/sgsolubilitygraph.htm This site contains an explanation of solubility graphs.

7.6 Calculate the freezing point depression and boiling point elevation of a solution.

http://chemweb.calpoly.edu/chem/125/125LabExp/FPDepression/ This site provides background information for a freezing point depression lab, a procedure, and interpretation of data.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/fpdepres.html This site contains an explanation of freezing point depression calculations.

7.7 Write net ionic equations for precipitation reactions in aqueous solutions.

http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/cnetion.htm Explanation of net ionic equations and many examples.

http://www.nyu.edu/classes/tuckerman/honors.chem/lectures/lecture_13/node1.html This site contains examples of net ionic equations for precipitation reaction

8. Acids and Bases

Broad Concept: Acids and bases are important in numerous chemical processes that occur around us, from industrial processes to biological ones, from the laboratory to the environment.

http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html Site contains basic information.

http://www.physchem.co.za/Acids/Acids%20Index.htm This site has very basic information about acids and bases to advanced discussion of titration. All of the following standards are covered in this site.

8.1 Define Arrhenius’ theory of acids and bases in terms of the presence of hydronium

and hydroxide ions, and Bronsted’s theory of acids and bases in terms of proton

donor and acceptor, and relate their concentrations to the pH scale.

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site explains the relationship between hydronium ion concentration and pH in simple terms.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/acids.htm#Acid-Base%203 This site Explains the Arrhenius and Bronsted theory of acids and bases. Also relates pH to the theories.

8.2 Compare and contrast the nature, behavior, concentration and strength of acids and bases.

a. Acid-base neutralization

b. Degree of dissociation or ionization

c. Electrical conductivity

8.3 Identify a buffer and explain how it works.

http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biochem/Biochem_353/Common_Buffers.htm Explanation of how buffers work.

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf Simulation of how a buffer works.This is an interactive site.

http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Buffer/Buffer.html Explains how buffers work in the body.

8.4 Explain how indicators are used in titrations and how they are selected.

8.5 Describe an acid-base titration. Identify when the equivalence point is reached and its significance.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/acids.htm#Acid-Base%203 This site explains titration and shows how to calculate normality from titration data.

http://chem.sci.gu.edu.au/help_desk/Solution_Stoichiometry.htm This site shows how to calculate the molarity of a solution from titration data before and after dilution and how to calculate the mass of a substance from titration data.

8.6 Calculate the pH or pOH of aqueous solutions using the hydronium or hydroxide ion concentration.

http://www.chemf1iesta.com/ This site provides a simple explanation of how to do pH calculations and plenty of examples for students to try.

http://www.chemistrycoach.com/acids.htm#Acid-Base%203 This site provides an explanation of pH calculations.

9. Equilibrium and Kinetics

Broad Concept: Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic process that is significant in many systems (biological, ecological and geological). Chemical reactions occur at different rates.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/kinetics.html This site has an in depth explanation of equilibrium and kinetics topics. Also provides a web site on kinetics problems.

http://www.physchem.co.za/Chemical%20Equilibrium/Equilibrium.htm#Dynamic Contains information on Chemical equilibrium divided into the following topics: Reversible reactions, Dynamic equilibrium, The equilibrium constant, Catalysts, Le Chatelier’s principle. Site also has interactive problems for students.

http://www.physchem.co.za/Chemical%20Equilibrium/Rates.htm Contains information on the factors that affect reaction rates and how they change reaction rate

http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html This site covers standards 9.2-9.5

9.1 Write the equilibrium expression and calculate the equilibrium constant for a reaction.

9.2 Predict the shift in equilibrium when the system is subjected to a stress (LeChatelier’s principle).

9.3 Identify the factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction (temperature, concentration) and the factors that can cause a shift in equilibrium (concentration, pressure, volume, temperature).

9.4 Explain rates of reaction in terms of collision frequency, energy of collisions, and orientation of colliding molecules.

9.5 Define the role of activation energy in a chemical reaction.

10. Thermochemistry (Enthalpy)

Broad Concept: The driving forces of chemical reactions are energy and entropy.

This has important implications for many applications (synthesis of new compounds, meteorology, and industrial engineering).

10.1 Interpret the law of conservation of energy.

10.2 Explain the relationship between energy transfer and disorder in the universe.

10.3 Analyze the energy changes involved in physical and chemical processes using calorimetry.

10.4 Apply Hess’s law to determine the heat of reaction.

http://chem.ufl.edu/~chm2040/Notes/Chapter_7/introduction.html This site provides explanations and examples of the above four standards. It also contains good illustrations and movies.

http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html This site provides a general explanation of thermochemistry.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/thermo.html This site provides an advanced discussion concerning the above topics. Problems are also included in the site.

11. Oxidation-Reduction and Electrochemistry

Broad Concept: Oxidation-reduction reactions occur by electron transfer and constitute a major class of chemical reactions. Examples of redox reactions occur everywhere; their consequences are experienced daily.

http://members.aol.com/logan20/electchm.html This site contains information concerning the following standards. It also has a link to an Electrochemistry problem site.

http://www.physchem.co.za/Redox/Redox%20Index.htm This site contains information concerning the following standards. Explanations range from very basic to advanced.

11.1 Describe the chemical processes known as oxidation and reduction.

11.2 Assign oxidation numbers.

11.3 Balance oxidation-reduction equations by using half-reactions.

11.4 Identify the components, and describe the processes that occur in an electrochemical cell.

http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/chem/chap9/c0909501.asp Indentifies the components and describes the processes that occur in an electrochemical cell.

11.5 Explain how a typical battery, such as a lead storage battery or a dry cell, works.

http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/chemistry/everyday_battery.html Explains how battery works.

11.6 Compare and contrast voltaic and electrolytic cells and their uses.

http://members.aol.com/logan20/voltaic.html This site compares and contrasts voltaic and electrolytic cells. The material is very involved.

11.7 Calculate the net voltage of a cell given a table of standard reduction potentials.

12. Student Resources

Biology dictionary

http://www.mhhe.com/sciencemath/forestryenviron/pae/glossary.html

Writing research papers and referencing

http://webster.commnet.edu/mla/index.shtml (MLA format)

http://webster.commnet.edu/apa/ (APA format)

Writing lab reports

http://www.ncsu.edu/labwrite/

Good study habits and time management

http://caps.unc.edu/TenTraps.html Useful study hints.

http://www.lessontutor.com/jm_agenda_2.pdf A printable homework organizer.

http://www.studygs.net/ A site with tips for studying and managing your time.

13. Teacher resources

http://www.chemfiesta.com/ This site has a number of worksheets you can download covering many Chemistry topics.

http://donkistry.tripod.com/worksheets.htm This site has worksheets covering many Chemistry topics.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/eq_form.html Site contains the following topics: Types of formulas, Balancing chemical equations, Determining Limiting Reagent, Theoretical yield and Percent yield, Determining Simple and Molecular Formulas, Balancing Redox equations, Nomenclature and Formula writing of inorganic compounds, Mole concept and Stoichiometry. Problems are included

http://www.chem4kids.com/map.html This site provides great explanations, worksheets and activities.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/genchm1.html Site contains information on the following topics: Composition of matter, Solutions, Acids, Introduction to Organic Chemistry, and Environmental Chemistry.

http://members.aol.com/profchm/index.html This site is an excellent resource for Chemistry teachers.

http://www.physchem.co.za/index.htm This site also contains information on Organic chemistry and on Physics.